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The white-throated kingfisher (''Halcyon smyrnensis'') also known as the white-breasted kingfisher or Smyrna kingfisher, is a tree kingfisher, widely distributed in Asia from Turkey east through the Indian subcontinent to the Philippines. This kingfisher is a resident over much of its range, although some populations may make short distance movements. It can often be found well away from water where it feeds on a wide range of prey that includes small reptiles, amphibians, crabs, small rodents and even birds. During the breeding season they call loudly in the mornings from prominent perches including the tops of buildings in urban areas or on wires. ==Description== This is a large kingfisher, 28 cm in length. The adult has a bright blue back, wings and tail. Its head, shoulders, flanks and lower belly are chestnut, and the throat and breast are white. The large bill and legs are bright red. The flight of the white-throated kingfisher is rapid and direct, the short rounded wings whirring. In flight, large white patches are visible on the blue and black wings. Sexes are similar, but juveniles are a duller version of the adult. This species forms a superspecies with ''Halcyon cyanoventris'' and most major works recognize four geographic races. They vary clinally in size, the shades of blue on the mantle which is more greenish in ''smyrnensis'' and ''fusca'' and more blue or purplish in ''saturatior''. * ''smyrnensis'' (Linnaeus, 1758) is found in Turkey, Northern and Central Israel,〔Arnold, Paula: ''Birds of Israel,'' (1962), Shalit Publishers Ltd., Haifa, Israel. p. 12〕 Egypt, Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan, northwestern India, China, Taiwan and the Philippines, south of Thailand, West Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra and Java. * ''fusca'' (Boddaert, 1783) is found in India, Sri Lanka, South China, Taiwan, Sumatra and West Java. Population from Burma to the Greater Sundas were treated under the name ''perpulchra'' but are now lumped into ''fusca''. South China and Taiwanese populations are sometimes treated as subspecies ''fokiensis''. * ''saturatior'' Hume, 1874 is found in the Andaman Islands. * ''gularis'' (Kuhl, 1820) is found in the Philippines. ''H. s. gularis'' of the Philippines has only the neck and throat white. It is sometimes treated as a distinct species, ''H. gularis.'' Race ''fusca'' is found in Peninsular India and Sri Lanka and is slightly smaller, bluer and with a darker brown underside than the nominate race found in northwestern India. Race ''saturatior'' is found in the Andaman Islands and is larger with darker brown underparts. Race ''perpulchra'' (not always recognized) is found in northeastern India and is smaller than ''fusca'' with paler underparts. Albinism has been noted on occasion. The English of ''white-throated'' was introduced since the range is large and geographic adjectives would make the name too restrictive, while the older name of ''white-breasted'' would not describe the eastern race which has only the throat white. The call of this kingfisher is a chuckling ''chake-ake-ake-ake-ake''. They are particularly noisy in the breeding season. Local names include Baluchistan: ''aspi chidok''; Sindhi: ''dalel''; Hindi: ''kilkila'', ''kourilla''; Himachal Pradesh: ''neela machhrala''; Punjabi: ''wadda machhera''; Bengali: ''sandabuk machhranga''; Assamese: ''masroka''; Cachar: ''dao natu gophu''; Gujarati: ''kalkaliyo'', ''safedchati kalkaliyo''; Marathi: ''khandya''; Tamil: ''vichuli''; Telugu: ''lakmuka'', ''buchegadu''; Malayalam: ''ponman''; Kannada: ''rajamatsi''; Sinhalese: ''pilihuduwa''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「White-throated kingfisher」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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